{"id":30477,"date":"2026-05-22T15:20:56","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T13:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marsad.sahafa.tn\/?p=30477"},"modified":"2026-06-16T15:27:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T13:27:20","slug":"la-redevabilite-des-medias-publics-en-tunisie-apres-2011-consecration-juridique-et-limites-structurelles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marsad.sahafa.tn\/fr\/la-redevabilite-des-medias-publics-en-tunisie-apres-2011-consecration-juridique-et-limites-structurelles\/","title":{"rendered":"La redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics en Tunisie apr\u00e8s 2011 : cons\u00e9cration juridique et limites structurelles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Depuis la r\u00e9volution tunisienne de 2011, le syst\u00e8me m\u00e9diatique public a connu une transformation importante, marqu\u00e9e par l\u2019adoption de nouveaux textes juridiques visant \u00e0 garantir la libert\u00e9 de la presse, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9ditoriale et le pluralisme. Dans ce contexte, la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias s\u2019impose progressivement comme un principe structurant de la gouvernance m\u00e9diatique. Cet article analyse dans quelle mesure le cadre juridique tunisien postr\u00e9volutionnaire consacre effectivement la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics. \u00c0 partir d\u2019une analyse documentaire des principaux textes l\u00e9gislatifs (d\u00e9crets-lois 115 et 116, loi sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, dispositifs de r\u00e9gulation audiovisuelle et chartes professionnelles), il met en \u00e9vidence une cons\u00e9cration normative partielle de la redevabilit\u00e9, articul\u00e9e autour des principes de transparence, de responsabilit\u00e9 \u00e9ditoriale et de droit du public \u00e0 l\u2019information. Toutefois, l\u2019\u00e9tude montre que cette cons\u00e9cration demeure fragilis\u00e9e par des contraintes politiques, institutionnelles et professionnelles qui limitent son effectivit\u00e9. L\u2019article conclut que la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics en Tunisie rel\u00e8ve davantage d\u2019une logique normative en construction que d\u2019un dispositif pleinement institutionnalis\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La question de la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias s\u2019est impos\u00e9e comme un enjeu central dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s en transition d\u00e9mocratique, o\u00f9 la transformation des syst\u00e8mes m\u00e9diatiques accompagne g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les processus de lib\u00e9ralisation politique. En Tunisie, la r\u00e9volution de 2011 a ouvert une phase de reconfiguration profonde du champ m\u00e9diatique, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la remise en cause du contr\u00f4le \u00e9tatique sur les m\u00e9dias publics et l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux cadres juridiques et institutionnels.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les syst\u00e8mes d\u00e9mocratiques contemporains, la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des m\u00e9canismes par lesquels les organisations m\u00e9diatiques rendent compte de leurs pratiques aupr\u00e8s du public, des instances de r\u00e9gulation et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile. Elle s\u2019inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 de la th\u00e9orie de la responsabilit\u00e9 sociale des m\u00e9dias, selon laquelle la libert\u00e9 de la presse implique une obligation de transparence, de v\u00e9rification de l\u2019information et de respect de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat public.<\/p>\n<p>En Tunisie, plusieurs r\u00e9formes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 introduites apr\u00e8s 2011 afin de restructurer le secteur m\u00e9diatique. Les d\u00e9crets-lois 115 et 116, la loi organique relative \u00e0 l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information ainsi que la mise en place d\u2019organes de r\u00e9gulation comme la HAICA traduisent cette volont\u00e9 de r\u00e9forme. Cependant, la question demeure de savoir si ces dispositifs consacrent r\u00e9ellement une redevabilit\u00e9 effective ou s\u2019ils rel\u00e8vent principalement d\u2019une reconnaissance normative sans impact structurel durable.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article analyse donc dans quelle mesure le cadre juridique tunisien postr\u00e9volutionnaire consacre la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics et quelles en sont les limites structurelles. Il est le fruit d\u2019un travail de recherche r\u00e9alis\u00e9 dans le cadre d\u2019une th\u00e8se de doctorat sur la redevabilit\u00e9 dans les m\u00e9dias de service public en Tunisie.<\/p>\n<p>Cette recherche repose sur une analyse qualitative de type documentaire. Elle mobilise un corpus compos\u00e9 des principaux textes juridiques r\u00e9gissant les m\u00e9dias en Tunisie apr\u00e8s 2011, notamment, le d\u00e9cret-loi n\u00b02011-115 relatif \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de la presse, le d\u00e9cret-loi n\u00b02011-116 relatif \u00e0 la communication audiovisuelle et \u00e0 la HAICA, la loi organique n\u00b02016-22 sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, les dispositifs r\u00e9glementaires relatifs aux m\u00e9dias publics, les chartes d\u00e9ontologiques et instruments d\u2019autor\u00e9gulation.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019analyse s\u2019appuie sur une approche interpr\u00e9tative inspir\u00e9e des th\u00e9ories de la responsabilit\u00e9 sociale des m\u00e9dias et des travaux sur les syst\u00e8mes m\u00e9diatiques de Hallin et Mancini. Elle vise \u00e0 identifier les m\u00e9canismes explicites et implicites de redevabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sents dans le cadre juridique, ainsi que leurs limites d\u2019application.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> La cons\u00e9cration juridique progressive de la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Une reconfiguration du cadre normatif postr\u00e9volutionnaire<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>La p\u00e9riode post-2011 marque une rupture juridique majeure dans la r\u00e9gulation du secteur m\u00e9diatique tunisien. Le d\u00e9cret-loi 115 consacre la libert\u00e9 de la presse, interdit la censure pr\u00e9alable et introduit des garanties relatives au droit de r\u00e9ponse et \u00e0 la correction des erreurs, \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels de la redevabilit\u00e9 \u00e9ditoriale.<\/p>\n<p>Parall\u00e8lement, le d\u00e9cret-loi 116 \u00e9tablit une autorit\u00e9 de r\u00e9gulation, la Haute Autorit\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante de la communication audiovisuelle (HAICA), charg\u00e9e de garantir le pluralisme, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du secteur audiovisuel et le respect des principes d\u00e9mocratiques dans les m\u00e9dias. Cette instance introduit th\u00e9oriquement une logique de contr\u00f4le externe fond\u00e9e sur la transparence, la r\u00e9gulation des contenus et la protection du public, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 la structuration d\u2019un dispositif de redevabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle. Toutefois, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience tunisienne montre rapidement les limites de cette institutionnalisation. Malgr\u00e9 son r\u00f4le central dans la transition m\u00e9diatique postr\u00e9volutionnaire, la HAICA a \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019importantes difficult\u00e9s politiques et institutionnelles ayant fragilis\u00e9 son autonomie et son efficacit\u00e9. Les tensions r\u00e9currentes avec le pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif, les controverses autour des nominations, les difficult\u00e9s d\u2019application de ses d\u00e9cisions ainsi que l\u2019absence de renouvellement consensuel de sa composition ont progressivement r\u00e9duit sa capacit\u00e9 d\u2019action. \u00c0 partir de 2021, dans un contexte de reconfiguration politique marqu\u00e9 par la concentration des pouvoirs et la remise en cause de plusieurs instances ind\u00e9pendantes, la HAICA conna\u00eet un affaiblissement significatif de son r\u00f4le r\u00e9gulateur. Cette \u00e9volution illustre le d\u00e9calage entre la cons\u00e9cration normative de la r\u00e9gulation ind\u00e9pendante dans les textes et les limites concr\u00e8tes de son op\u00e9rationnalisation dans un environnement politique instable.<\/p>\n<p>Ces r\u00e9formes traduisent une tentative d\u2019entamer un passage progressif d\u2019un mod\u00e8le de contr\u00f4le \u00e9tatique direct vers un mod\u00e8le de r\u00e9gulation fond\u00e9 sur des principes de gouvernance d\u00e9mocratique des m\u00e9dias.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Le droit \u00e0 l\u2019information comme fondement de la redevabilit\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>La loi organique n\u00b02016-22 relative au droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information constitue \u00e9galement un pilier important du dispositif de redevabilit\u00e9 dans le contexte postr\u00e9volutionnaire tunisien. En consacrant le droit des citoyens \u00e0 acc\u00e9der aux documents administratifs d\u00e9tenus par les organismes publics, elle vise \u00e0 renforcer la transparence institutionnelle et \u00e0 consolider les m\u00e9canismes de contr\u00f4le d\u00e9mocratique. Dans le champ m\u00e9diatique, cette loi contribue indirectement \u00e0 la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics dans la mesure o\u00f9 elle facilite la v\u00e9rification des informations, l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es publiques et le travail d\u2019investigation journalistique. Elle participe ainsi \u00e0 la construction d\u2019un espace public fond\u00e9 sur la circulation de l\u2019information et la possibilit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le citoyen des institutions.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019importance de ce cadre juridique, l\u2019application concr\u00e8te du droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information demeure confront\u00e9e \u00e0 plusieurs limites structurelles et politiques. Dans la pratique, les journalistes et les acteurs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile continuent de se heurter \u00e0 des difficult\u00e9s d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es publiques, \u00e0 des r\u00e9sistances administratives ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 une culture institutionnelle encore marqu\u00e9e par la r\u00e9tention de l\u2019information. Plusieurs institutions publiques restent r\u00e9ticentes \u00e0 communiquer certains documents, notamment lorsqu\u2019ils concernent des dossiers sensibles ou des enjeux politiques. Par ailleurs, les \u00e9volutions politiques r\u00e9centes et le climat de restriction croissante des libert\u00e9s publiques ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 fragiliser davantage l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 de ce droit. Ainsi, \u00e0 l\u2019instar d\u2019autres m\u00e9canismes de redevabilit\u00e9 instaur\u00e9s apr\u00e8s 2011, la loi sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information illustre le d\u00e9calage persistant entre la cons\u00e9cration normative des principes de transparence et leur mise en \u0153uvre effective dans le fonctionnement quotidien des institutions publiques tunisiennes.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Les dispositifs d\u2019autor\u00e9gulation et la responsabilit\u00e9 \u00e9ditoriale<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 des instruments l\u00e9gislatifs, la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics s\u2019exprime \u00e9galement \u00e0 travers des dispositifs internes d\u2019autor\u00e9gulation, notamment les chartes d\u00e9ontologiques, les m\u00e9canismes de m\u00e9diation et les pratiques professionnelles.<\/p>\n<p>Ces instruments traduisent une logique de responsabilisation interne des r\u00e9dactions, en conformit\u00e9 avec les standards internationaux de la responsabilit\u00e9 sociale des m\u00e9dias. Ils visent \u00e0 instaurer des m\u00e9canismes de correction des erreurs, de traitement des plaintes du public et de suivi \u00e9thique des contenus.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, leur institutionnalisation reste in\u00e9gale selon les m\u00e9dias publics concern\u00e9s, et leur efficacit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend largement des configurations organisationnelles internes.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Une redevabilit\u00e9 juridiquement consacr\u00e9e mais structurellement contrainte<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Une redevabilit\u00e9 fragment\u00e9e et partiellement institutionnalis\u00e9e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence d\u2019un cadre juridique relativement avanc\u00e9, la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics en Tunisie demeure fragment\u00e9e. Les dispositifs juridiques ne forment pas un syst\u00e8me int\u00e9gr\u00e9 mais un ensemble de m\u00e9canismes dispers\u00e9s entre diff\u00e9rents textes et institutions.<\/p>\n<p>Cette fragmentation limite la coh\u00e9rence globale du dispositif et affaiblit son effectivit\u00e9. En pratique, les interactions entre r\u00e9gulation externe (HAICA), autor\u00e9gulation interne et droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information restent insuffisamment articul\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Les limites politiques et institutionnelles de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance m\u00e9diatique<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>L\u2019un des principaux obstacles \u00e0 la redevabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans la persistance de pressions politiques sur les m\u00e9dias publics. Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019existence de la HAICA, les m\u00e9canismes de nomination, de financement et de gouvernance des m\u00e9dias restent partiellement d\u00e9pendants de l\u2019\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n<p>Cette situation cr\u00e9e une tension structurelle entre l\u2019objectif d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9ditoriale et les logiques de contr\u00f4le institutionnel, r\u00e9duisant l\u2019autonomie r\u00e9elle des r\u00e9dactions et limitant la port\u00e9e des m\u00e9canismes de redevabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Une culture professionnelle de la redevabilit\u00e9 encore en construction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 des dimensions juridiques et institutionnelles, la mise en \u0153uvre effective de la redevabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend \u00e9galement des pratiques professionnelles. Or, les transformations postr\u00e9volutionnaires n\u2019ont pas encore pleinement consolid\u00e9 une culture journalistique fond\u00e9e sur la transparence, l\u2019\u00e9valuation critique et la reddition de comptes.<\/p>\n<p>Les m\u00e9canismes tels que les m\u00e9diateurs ou les dispositifs de traitement des plaintes restent insuffisamment d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ou in\u00e9galement appliqu\u00e9s dans les m\u00e9dias publics tunisiens.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019analyse du cadre juridique tunisien postr\u00e9volutionnaire montre que la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics est aujourd\u2019hui formellement consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 travers un ensemble de dispositifs l\u00e9gislatifs, r\u00e9glementaires et institutionnels. Les d\u00e9crets-lois 115 et 116, la loi sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information et les m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9gulation audiovisuelle traduisent une volont\u00e9 claire d\u2019inscrire les m\u00e9dias dans une logique de responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, cette cons\u00e9cration normative ne se traduit pas encore par une redevabilit\u00e9 pleinement effective. Les contraintes politiques, la fragmentation institutionnelle et la faiblesse des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019autor\u00e9gulation limitent la port\u00e9e r\u00e9elle de ces dispositifs.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, la redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias publics en Tunisie appara\u00eet comme un processus en construction, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une tension permanente entre r\u00e9forme normative et r\u00e9alit\u00e9s structurelles. Son institutionnalisation effective d\u00e9pendra de la consolidation de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des instances de r\u00e9gulation, du renforcement des m\u00e9canismes internes de contr\u00f4le et de l\u2019ancrage d\u2019une culture professionnelle de la responsabilit\u00e9 journalistique.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hallin, D. C., &amp; Mancini, P. (2004). <em>Comparing Media Systems<\/em><\/li>\n<li>McQuail, D. (2010). <em>Mass Communication Theory<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Plaisance, P. L. (2000). <em>Media Ethics<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Jakubowicz, K. (2007). Public service broadcasting<\/li>\n<li>Fengler, S. et al. (2021). Media Accountability in the MENA region<\/li>\n<li>HIZAOUI, A. (2012). Quelle redevabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias tunisiens dans un contexte de libert\u00e9, in \u00ab\u00a0M\u00e9dias publics arabes et transitions d\u00e9mocratiques\u00a0\u00bb, IPSI, Tunis.<\/li>\n<li>Belhadj, H. (2015). M\u00e9dias et r\u00e9gulation en Tunisie<\/li>\n<li>UNESCO (2013). Media Development Indicators \u2013 Tunisia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Depuis la r\u00e9volution tunisienne de 2011, le syst\u00e8me m\u00e9diatique public a connu une transformation importante, marqu\u00e9e par l\u2019adoption [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":30471,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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